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The Pumpherston retort (also known as the Bryson retort) was a type of oil-shale retort used in Scotland at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century. It marked separation of the oil-shale industry from the coal industry as it was designed specifically for oil-shale retorting.〔 〕 The retort is named after Pumpherston town in Scotland, which was one of the major Scottish oil shale areas. The retort was commercialized by Pumpherston Oil Company. ==History== The Pumpherston retort was invented and patented in 1894 by William Fraser, James Bryson, and James Jones of Pumpherston Oil Company.〔 〕 By 1910, 1,528 Pumpherston retorts were used in Scotland.〔 In addition, the retort was used in Spain and Australia.〔 〕 ==Design== The Pumpherston retort was a high cylindrical vessel containing two main sections.〔 〕 The upper section was made of iron and the lower section was made of fire bricks. The raw oil shale was fed on the top of retort. Shale oil and oil shale gas were distilled at the upper section at the temperature of . At the lower section, the heat rose to and steam was added to produce ammonia. The process required approximately of water equivalent of steam per one ton of oil shale.〔〔〔 〕 The retort had a 15 ton capacity, and the residence time was 24 hours. It was started up by combustion of coal, but after the process started it was switched to the produced oil shale gas.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pumpherston retort」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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